Character Code Appendices
Reference Tables for Terminal Character Sets
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Appendix A: ASCII Hex Table
The complete 7-bit ASCII character set (0x00-0x7F). Control characters (0x00-0x1F) and DEL (0x7F) are non-printable.
Control Characters (0x00-0x1F)
| Hex | Dec | Name | Description |
|---|
| 0x00 | 0 | NUL | Null |
| 0x01 | 1 | SOH | Start of Heading |
| 0x02 | 2 | STX | Start of Text |
| 0x03 | 3 | ETX | End of Text |
| 0x04 | 4 | EOT | End of Transmission |
| 0x05 | 5 | ENQ | Enquiry |
| 0x06 | 6 | ACK | Acknowledge |
| 0x07 | 7 | BEL | Bell |
| 0x08 | 8 | BS | Backspace |
| 0x09 | 9 | HT | Horizontal Tab |
| 0x0A | 10 | LF | Line Feed |
| 0x0B | 11 | VT | Vertical Tab |
| 0x0C | 12 | FF | Form Feed |
| 0x0D | 13 | CR | Carriage Return |
| 0x0E | 14 | SO | Shift Out |
| 0x0F | 15 | SI | Shift In |
| 0x10 | 16 | DLE | Data Link Escape |
| 0x11 | 17 | DC1 | Device Control 1 (XON) |
| 0x12 | 18 | DC2 | Device Control 2 |
| 0x13 | 19 | DC3 | Device Control 3 (XOFF) |
| 0x14 | 20 | DC4 | Device Control 4 |
| 0x15 | 21 | NAK | Negative Acknowledge |
| 0x16 | 22 | SYN | Synchronous Idle |
| 0x17 | 23 | ETB | End of Trans. Block |
| 0x18 | 24 | CAN | Cancel |
| 0x19 | 25 | EM | End of Medium |
| 0x1A | 26 | SUB | Substitute |
| 0x1B | 27 | ESC | Escape |
| 0x1C | 28 | FS | File Separator |
| 0x1D | 29 | GS | Group Separator |
| 0x1E | 30 | RS | Record Separator |
| 0x1F | 31 | US | Unit Separator |
Printable Characters (0x20-0x7E)
| Hex | Dec | Char | Hex | Dec | Char | Hex | Dec | Char |
|---|
| 0x20 | 32 | (space) | 0x40 | 64 | @ | 0x60 | 96 | ` |
| 0x21 | 33 | ! | 0x41 | 65 | A | 0x61 | 97 | a |
| 0x22 | 34 | " | 0x42 | 66 | B | 0x62 | 98 | b |
| 0x23 | 35 | # | 0x43 | 67 | C | 0x63 | 99 | c |
| 0x24 | 36 | $ | 0x44 | 68 | D | 0x64 | 100 | d |
| 0x25 | 37 | % | 0x45 | 69 | E | 0x65 | 101 | e |
| 0x26 | 38 | & | 0x46 | 70 | F | 0x66 | 102 | f |
| 0x27 | 39 | ' | 0x47 | 71 | G | 0x67 | 103 | g |
| 0x28 | 40 | ( | 0x48 | 72 | H | 0x68 | 104 | h |
| 0x29 | 41 | ) | 0x49 | 73 | I | 0x69 | 105 | i |
| 0x2A | 42 | * | 0x4A | 74 | J | 0x6A | 106 | j |
| 0x2B | 43 | + | 0x4B | 75 | K | 0x6B | 107 | k |
| 0x2C | 44 | , | 0x4C | 76 | L | 0x6C | 108 | l |
| 0x2D | 45 | - | 0x4D | 77 | M | 0x6D | 109 | m |
| 0x2E | 46 | . | 0x4E | 78 | N | 0x6E | 110 | n |
| 0x2F | 47 | / | 0x4F | 79 | O | 0x6F | 111 | o |
| 0x30 | 48 | 0 | 0x50 | 80 | P | 0x70 | 112 | p |
| 0x31 | 49 | 1 | 0x51 | 81 | Q | 0x71 | 113 | q |
| 0x32 | 50 | 2 | 0x52 | 82 | R | 0x72 | 114 | r |
| 0x33 | 51 | 3 | 0x53 | 83 | S | 0x73 | 115 | s |
| 0x34 | 52 | 4 | 0x54 | 84 | T | 0x74 | 116 | t |
| 0x35 | 53 | 5 | 0x55 | 85 | U | 0x75 | 117 | u |
| 0x36 | 54 | 6 | 0x56 | 86 | V | 0x76 | 118 | v |
| 0x37 | 55 | 7 | 0x57 | 87 | W | 0x77 | 119 | w |
| 0x38 | 56 | 8 | 0x58 | 88 | X | 0x78 | 120 | x |
| 0x39 | 57 | 9 | 0x59 | 89 | Y | 0x79 | 121 | y |
| 0x3A | 58 | : | 0x5A | 90 | Z | 0x7A | 122 | z |
| 0x3B | 59 | ; | 0x5B | 91 | [ | 0x7B | 123 | { |
| 0x3C | 60 | < | 0x5C | 92 | \ | 0x7C | 124 | | |
| 0x3D | 61 | = | 0x5D | 93 | ] | 0x7D | 125 | } |
| 0x3E | 62 | > | 0x5E | 94 | ^ | 0x7E | 126 | ~ |
| 0x3F | 63 | ? | 0x5F | 95 | _ | 0x7F | 127 | DEL |
Appendix B: ANSI Escape Sequences
ANSI escape sequences are used to control text formatting, colors, and cursor positioning on compatible terminals. All sequences begin with the escape character (0x1B) followed by a left bracket '[', known as the Control Sequence Introducer (CSI).
Sequence Format
The general format is: ESC [ <parameters> <command>
Where ESC is 0x1B (decimal 27), parameters are optional numbers separated by semicolons, and the command is a single letter.
Cursor Control
| Sequence | Name | Description |
|---|
| ESC[H | CUP | Cursor Home - Move cursor to row 1, column 1 |
| ESC[n;mH | CUP | Cursor Position - Move cursor to row n, column m |
| ESC[n;mf | HVP | Horizontal Vertical Position - Same as CUP |
| ESC[nA | CUU | Cursor Up - Move cursor up n rows (default 1) |
| ESC[nB | CUD | Cursor Down - Move cursor down n rows (default 1) |
| ESC[nC | CUF | Cursor Forward - Move cursor right n columns (default 1) |
| ESC[nD | CUB | Cursor Back - Move cursor left n columns (default 1) |
| ESC[nE | CNL | Cursor Next Line - Move to beginning of line n down |
| ESC[nF | CPL | Cursor Previous Line - Move to beginning of line n up |
| ESC[nG | CHA | Cursor Horizontal Absolute - Move to column n |
| ESC[6n | DSR | Device Status Report - Reports cursor position as ESC[n;mR |
| ESC[s | SCP | Save Cursor Position |
| ESC[u | RCP | Restore Cursor Position |
| ESC 7 | DECSC | Save Cursor (DEC private) |
| ESC 8 | DECRC | Restore Cursor (DEC private) |
Erase Functions
| Sequence | Name | Description |
|---|
| ESC[J | ED | Erase Display - Clear from cursor to end of screen |
| ESC[0J | ED | Erase Display - Clear from cursor to end of screen |
| ESC[1J | ED | Erase Display - Clear from beginning of screen to cursor |
| ESC[2J | ED | Erase Display - Clear entire screen |
| ESC[3J | ED | Erase Display - Clear entire screen and scrollback buffer |
| ESC[K | EL | Erase Line - Clear from cursor to end of line |
| ESC[0K | EL | Erase Line - Clear from cursor to end of line |
| ESC[1K | EL | Erase Line - Clear from beginning of line to cursor |
| ESC[2K | EL | Erase Line - Clear entire line |
Text Attributes (SGR - Select Graphic Rendition)
Format: ESC[nm or ESC[n;n;...m for multiple attributes
| Code | Name | Description |
|---|
| 0 | Reset | Reset all attributes to default |
| 1 | Bold | Bold or increased intensity |
| 2 | Dim | Faint or decreased intensity |
| 3 | Italic | Italic (not widely supported) |
| 4 | Underline | Underlined text |
| 5 | Blink | Slow blink (less than 150 per minute) |
| 6 | Rapid Blink | Rapid blink (150+ per minute, rarely supported) |
| 7 | Reverse | Swap foreground and background colors |
| 8 | Hidden | Concealed/invisible text |
| 9 | Strikethrough | Crossed-out text |
| 21 | Double Underline | Double underlined (or bold off on some terminals) |
| 22 | Normal Intensity | Neither bold nor dim |
| 23 | Not Italic | Disable italic |
| 24 | Not Underlined | Disable underline |
| 25 | Not Blinking | Disable blink |
| 27 | Not Reversed | Disable reverse video |
| 28 | Reveal | Disable hidden |
| 29 | Not Strikethrough | Disable strikethrough |
Standard Foreground Colors (30-37)
| Code | Color | Code | Color (Bright/Bold) |
|---|
| 30 | Black | 90 | Bright Black (Gray) |
| 31 | Red | 91 | Bright Red |
| 32 | Green | 92 | Bright Green |
| 33 | Yellow | 93 | Bright Yellow |
| 34 | Blue | 94 | Bright Blue |
| 35 | Magenta | 95 | Bright Magenta |
| 36 | Cyan | 96 | Bright Cyan |
| 37 | White | 97 | Bright White |
| 39 | Default | | Reset to default foreground |
Standard Background Colors (40-47)
| Code | Color | Code | Color (Bright) |
|---|
| 40 | Black | 100 | Bright Black (Gray) |
| 41 | Red | 101 | Bright Red |
| 42 | Green | 102 | Bright Green |
| 43 | Yellow | 103 | Bright Yellow |
| 44 | Blue | 104 | Bright Blue |
| 45 | Magenta | 105 | Bright Magenta |
| 46 | Cyan | 106 | Bright Cyan |
| 47 | White | 107 | Bright White |
| 49 | Default | | Reset to default background |
256-Color Mode
Extended color support using 256-color palette:
| Sequence | Description |
|---|
| ESC[38;5;nm | Set foreground to color n (0-255) |
| ESC[48;5;nm | Set background to color n (0-255) |
Color ranges:
- 0-7: Standard colors (same as 30-37)
- 8-15: High-intensity colors (same as 90-97)
- 16-231: 216 colors (6x6x6 color cube)
- 232-255: Grayscale (24 shades from dark to light)
24-bit True Color Mode
| Sequence | Description |
|---|
| ESC[38;2;r;g;bm | Set foreground to RGB color (0-255 each) |
| ESC[48;2;r;g;bm | Set background to RGB color (0-255 each) |
Screen Modes
| Sequence | Description |
|---|
| ESC[?25h | Show cursor (DECTCEM) |
| ESC[?25l | Hide cursor (DECTCEM) |
| ESC[?47h | Save screen and switch to alternate buffer |
| ESC[?47l | Restore screen from alternate buffer |
| ESC[?1049h | Enable alternate screen buffer (saves cursor too) |
| ESC[?1049l | Disable alternate screen buffer (restores cursor) |
| ESC[?7h | Enable line wrapping |
| ESC[?7l | Disable line wrapping |
Scrolling
| Sequence | Description |
|---|
| ESC[nS | Scroll up n lines (default 1) |
| ESC[nT | Scroll down n lines (default 1) |
| ESC[t;br | Set scrolling region from line t to line b |
Line and Character Operations
| Sequence | Description |
|---|
| ESC[nL | Insert n blank lines at cursor position |
| ESC[nM | Delete n lines starting at cursor position |
| ESC[n@ | Insert n blank characters at cursor position |
| ESC[nP | Delete n characters at cursor position |
| ESC[nX | Erase n characters at cursor position |
Common Escape Sequences Quick Reference
| Sequence | Hex Bytes | Description |
|---|
| ESC[2J | 1B 5B 32 4A | Clear entire screen |
| ESC[H | 1B 5B 48 | Move cursor to home (1,1) |
| ESC[2J ESC[H | 1B 5B 32 4A 1B 5B 48 | Clear screen and home cursor |
| ESC[0m | 1B 5B 30 6D | Reset all attributes |
| ESC[1m | 1B 5B 31 6D | Bold on |
| ESC[31m | 1B 5B 33 31 6D | Red foreground |
| ESC[44m | 1B 5B 34 34 6D | Blue background |
| ESC[1;31m | 1B 5B 31 3B 33 31 6D | Bold red foreground |
| ESC[?25l | 1B 5B 3F 32 35 6C | Hide cursor |
| ESC[?25h | 1B 5B 3F 32 35 68 | Show cursor |
C0 Control Characters Used with ANSI
| Hex | Dec | Name | Description |
|---|
| 0x07 | 7 | BEL | Bell - Terminal bell/alert |
| 0x08 | 8 | BS | Backspace - Move cursor left one position |
| 0x09 | 9 | HT | Horizontal Tab - Move to next tab stop |
| 0x0A | 10 | LF | Line Feed - Move cursor down one line |
| 0x0B | 11 | VT | Vertical Tab - Move cursor down (treated as LF) |
| 0x0C | 12 | FF | Form Feed - Clear screen on some terminals |
| 0x0D | 13 | CR | Carriage Return - Move cursor to column 1 |
| 0x1B | 27 | ESC | Escape - Starts escape sequences |
Note: ANSI escape sequences originated from the ANSI X3.64 standard (also known as ECMA-48). Support varies between terminal emulators. The sequences documented here are widely supported on modern terminals including xterm, VT100 compatibles, and most Linux/macOS/Windows terminal emulators. TelnetBible.com uses a subset of these sequences for screen clearing (ESC[2J ESC[H), cursor positioning, and color output on ANSI terminals.
Appendix C: PETSCII Hex Table
The Commodore 64 PETSCII character set. PETSCII differs from ASCII in several ways: control codes, graphics characters, and case handling (uppercase/lowercase are swapped compared to standard ASCII).
PETSCII Control Characters (0x00-0x1F)
| Hex | Dec | Name | Description |
|---|
| 0x00 | 0 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x01 | 1 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x02 | 2 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x03 | 3 | STOP | Run/Stop |
| 0x04 | 4 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x05 | 5 | WHT | White |
| 0x06 | 6 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x07 | 7 | BELL | Bell |
| 0x08 | 8 | DISH | Disable Shift+C= |
| 0x09 | 9 | ENSH | Enable Shift+C= |
| 0x0A | 10 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x0B | 11 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x0C | 12 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x0D | 13 | CR | Carriage Return |
| 0x0E | 14 | LOWR | Switch to Lowercase |
| 0x0F | 15 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x10 | 16 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x11 | 17 | DOWN | Cursor Down |
| 0x12 | 18 | RVON | Reverse On |
| 0x13 | 19 | HOME | Cursor Home |
| 0x14 | 20 | DEL | Delete (Backspace) |
| 0x15 | 21 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x16 | 22 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x17 | 23 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x18 | 24 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x19 | 25 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x1A | 26 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x1B | 27 | - | (Unused - no native ESC) |
| 0x1C | 28 | RED | Red |
| 0x1D | 29 | RIGHT | Cursor Right |
| 0x1E | 30 | GRN | Green |
| 0x1F | 31 | BLU | Blue |
PETSCII Printable Characters (0x20-0x3F)
| Hex | Dec | Char | Description |
|---|
| 0x20 | 32 | (space) | Space |
| 0x21 | 33 | ! | Exclamation Mark |
| 0x22 | 34 | " | Quotation Mark |
| 0x23 | 35 | # | Number Sign |
| 0x24 | 36 | $ | Dollar Sign |
| 0x25 | 37 | % | Percent Sign |
| 0x26 | 38 | & | Ampersand |
| 0x27 | 39 | ' | Apostrophe |
| 0x28 | 40 | ( | Left Parenthesis |
| 0x29 | 41 | ) | Right Parenthesis |
| 0x2A | 42 | * | Asterisk |
| 0x2B | 43 | + | Plus Sign |
| 0x2C | 44 | , | Comma |
| 0x2D | 45 | - | Hyphen-Minus |
| 0x2E | 46 | . | Full Stop |
| 0x2F | 47 | / | Solidus (Slash) |
| 0x30 | 48 | 0 | Digit Zero |
| 0x31 | 49 | 1 | Digit One |
| 0x32 | 50 | 2 | Digit Two |
| 0x33 | 51 | 3 | Digit Three |
| 0x34 | 52 | 4 | Digit Four |
| 0x35 | 53 | 5 | Digit Five |
| 0x36 | 54 | 6 | Digit Six |
| 0x37 | 55 | 7 | Digit Seven |
| 0x38 | 56 | 8 | Digit Eight |
| 0x39 | 57 | 9 | Digit Nine |
| 0x3A | 58 | : | Colon |
| 0x3B | 59 | ; | Semicolon |
| 0x3C | 60 | < | Less-Than Sign |
| 0x3D | 61 | = | Equals Sign |
| 0x3E | 62 | > | Greater-Than Sign |
| 0x3F | 63 | ? | Question Mark |
PETSCII Uppercase Letters (0x40-0x5F)
Note: In PETSCII uppercase mode, these are uppercase letters. In lowercase mode, these become graphics characters.
| Hex | Dec | Char | Description |
|---|
| 0x40 | 64 | @ | Commercial At |
| 0x41 | 65 | A | Latin Capital Letter A |
| 0x42 | 66 | B | Latin Capital Letter B |
| 0x43 | 67 | C | Latin Capital Letter C |
| 0x44 | 68 | D | Latin Capital Letter D |
| 0x45 | 69 | E | Latin Capital Letter E |
| 0x46 | 70 | F | Latin Capital Letter F |
| 0x47 | 71 | G | Latin Capital Letter G |
| 0x48 | 72 | H | Latin Capital Letter H |
| 0x49 | 73 | I | Latin Capital Letter I |
| 0x4A | 74 | J | Latin Capital Letter J |
| 0x4B | 75 | K | Latin Capital Letter K |
| 0x4C | 76 | L | Latin Capital Letter L |
| 0x4D | 77 | M | Latin Capital Letter M |
| 0x4E | 78 | N | Latin Capital Letter N |
| 0x4F | 79 | O | Latin Capital Letter O |
| 0x50 | 80 | P | Latin Capital Letter P |
| 0x51 | 81 | Q | Latin Capital Letter Q |
| 0x52 | 82 | R | Latin Capital Letter R |
| 0x53 | 83 | S | Latin Capital Letter S |
| 0x54 | 84 | T | Latin Capital Letter T |
| 0x55 | 85 | U | Latin Capital Letter U |
| 0x56 | 86 | V | Latin Capital Letter V |
| 0x57 | 87 | W | Latin Capital Letter W |
| 0x58 | 88 | X | Latin Capital Letter X |
| 0x59 | 89 | Y | Latin Capital Letter Y |
| 0x5A | 90 | Z | Latin Capital Letter Z |
| 0x5B | 91 | [ | Left Square Bracket |
| 0x5C | 92 | £ | Pound Sign |
| 0x5D | 93 | ] | Right Square Bracket |
| 0x5E | 94 | ↑ | Up Arrow |
| 0x5F | 95 | ← | Left Arrow (used as ESC equivalent) |
PETSCII Graphics/Lowercase (0x60-0x7F)
Note: In uppercase mode, these are graphics characters. In lowercase mode, 0x61-0x7A become lowercase letters.
| Hex | Dec | Upper Mode | Lower Mode |
|---|
| 0x60 | 96 | Horizontal Line | Horizontal Line |
| 0x61 | 97 | Spade | a |
| 0x62 | 98 | Vertical Line Left | b |
| 0x63 | 99 | Horizontal Line Bottom | c |
| 0x64 | 100 | Horizontal Line Top/Bottom | d |
| 0x65 | 101 | Horizontal Line Top | e |
| 0x66 | 102 | Vertical Line Right Top | f |
| 0x67 | 103 | Vertical Line Right Bottom | g |
| 0x68 | 104 | Vertical Line Left Bottom | h |
| 0x69 | 105 | Corner Round Right Bottom | i |
| 0x6A | 106 | Corner Round Right Top | j |
| 0x6B | 107 | Corner Round Left Top | k |
| 0x6C | 108 | Half Block Bottom Right | l |
| 0x6D | 109 | Corner Round Left Bottom | m |
| 0x6E | 110 | Half Block Upper Right | n |
| 0x6F | 111 | Half Block Lower Left | o |
| 0x70 | 112 | Half Block Lower Right | p |
| 0x71 | 113 | Circle | q |
| 0x72 | 114 | Half Block Upper Left | r |
| 0x73 | 115 | Heart | s |
| 0x74 | 116 | Vertical Line Left Top | t |
| 0x75 | 117 | Cross | u |
| 0x76 | 118 | Diamond | v |
| 0x77 | 119 | Cross | w |
| 0x78 | 120 | Vertical Line | x |
| 0x79 | 121 | Club | y |
| 0x7A | 122 | Vertical Line Right | z |
| 0x7B | 123 | Cross | Cross |
| 0x7C | 124 | Half Block Upper | Half Block Upper |
| 0x7D | 125 | Pi Symbol | Pi Symbol |
| 0x7E | 126 | Half Block Lower | Half Block Lower |
| 0x7F | 127 | Half Block Left | Half Block Left |
PETSCII High Control Characters (0x80-0x9F)
| Hex | Dec | Name | Description |
|---|
| 0x80 | 128 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x81 | 129 | ORG | Orange |
| 0x82 | 130 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x83 | 131 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x84 | 132 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x85 | 133 | F1 | Function Key 1 |
| 0x86 | 134 | F3 | Function Key 3 |
| 0x87 | 135 | F5 | Function Key 5 |
| 0x88 | 136 | F7 | Function Key 7 |
| 0x89 | 137 | F2 | Function Key 2 |
| 0x8A | 138 | F4 | Function Key 4 |
| 0x8B | 139 | F6 | Function Key 6 |
| 0x8C | 140 | F8 | Function Key 8 |
| 0x8D | 141 | SHRET | Shift+Return |
| 0x8E | 142 | UPPR | Switch to Uppercase |
| 0x8F | 143 | - | (Unused) |
| 0x90 | 144 | BLK | Black |
| 0x91 | 145 | UP | Cursor Up |
| 0x92 | 146 | RVOF | Reverse Off |
| 0x93 | 147 | CLR | Clear Screen |
| 0x94 | 148 | INST | Insert |
| 0x95 | 149 | BRN | Brown |
| 0x96 | 150 | LTRD | Light Red (Pink) |
| 0x97 | 151 | GRY1 | Dark Gray |
| 0x98 | 152 | GRY2 | Medium Gray |
| 0x99 | 153 | LTGR | Light Green |
| 0x9A | 154 | LTBL | Light Blue |
| 0x9B | 155 | GRY3 | Light Gray |
| 0x9C | 156 | PUR | Purple |
| 0x9D | 157 | LEFT | Cursor Left |
| 0x9E | 158 | YEL | Yellow |
| 0x9F | 159 | CYN | Cyan |
PETSCII Shifted Graphics (0xA0-0xBF)
| Hex | Dec | Description |
|---|
| 0xA0 | 160 | Shifted Space |
| 0xA1 | 161 | Vertical Bar Left |
| 0xA2 | 162 | Horizontal Bar Bottom |
| 0xA3 | 163 | Horizontal Bar Top |
| 0xA4 | 164 | Horizontal Bar |
| 0xA5 | 165 | Horizontal Bar Left |
| 0xA6 | 166 | Checkerboard |
| 0xA7 | 167 | Vertical Bar Right |
| 0xA8 | 168 | Vertical Bar Bottom |
| 0xA9 | 169 | Corner Lower Right |
| 0xAA | 170 | Corner Upper Right |
| 0xAB | 171 | Corner Upper Left |
| 0xAC | 172 | Quarter Block Lower Right |
| 0xAD | 173 | Corner Lower Left |
| 0xAE | 174 | Quarter Block Upper Right |
| 0xAF | 175 | Quarter Block Lower Left |
| 0xB0 | 176 | Quarter Block Lower Right |
| 0xB1 | 177 | Vertical Bar Left Bottom |
| 0xB2 | 178 | Quarter Block Upper Left |
| 0xB3 | 179 | Vertical Bar Top |
| 0xB4 | 180 | Vertical Bar Bottom |
| 0xB5 | 181 | T Junction Left |
| 0xB6 | 182 | Vertical Bar |
| 0xB7 | 183 | T Junction Top |
| 0xB8 | 184 | T Junction Bottom |
| 0xB9 | 185 | Half Block Right |
| 0xBA | 186 | T Junction Right |
| 0xBB | 187 | Cross Junction |
| 0xBC | 188 | Upper Half Block |
| 0xBD | 189 | Pi Symbol |
| 0xBE | 190 | Lower Half Block |
| 0xBF | 191 | Half Block Left |
PETSCII Shifted Letters/Graphics (0xC0-0xDF)
Note: In uppercase mode, these match 0x60-0x7F graphics. In lowercase mode, 0xC1-0xDA are uppercase letters.
| Hex | Dec | Upper Mode | Lower Mode |
|---|
| 0xC0 | 192 | Horizontal Line | Horizontal Line |
| 0xC1 | 193 | Spade | A |
| 0xC2 | 194 | Vertical Line Left | B |
| 0xC3 | 195 | Horizontal Line Bottom | C |
| 0xC4 | 196 | Line Horizontal | D |
| 0xC5 | 197 | Horizontal Line Top | E |
| 0xC6 | 198 | Vertical Line Right Top | F |
| 0xC7 | 199 | Vertical Line Right Bottom | G |
| 0xC8 | 200 | Vertical Line Left Bottom | H |
| 0xC9 | 201 | Corner Round Right Bottom | I |
| 0xCA | 202 | Corner Round Right Top | J |
| 0xCB | 203 | Corner Round Left Top | K |
| 0xCC | 204 | Half Block Bottom Right | L |
| 0xCD | 205 | Corner Round Left Bottom | M |
| 0xCE | 206 | Half Block Upper Right | N |
| 0xCF | 207 | Half Block Lower Left | O |
| 0xD0 | 208 | Half Block Lower Right | P |
| 0xD1 | 209 | Circle | Q |
| 0xD2 | 210 | Half Block Upper Left | R |
| 0xD3 | 211 | Heart | S |
| 0xD4 | 212 | Vertical Line Left Top | T |
| 0xD5 | 213 | Cross | U |
| 0xD6 | 214 | Diamond | V |
| 0xD7 | 215 | Cross | W |
| 0xD8 | 216 | Vertical Line | X |
| 0xD9 | 217 | Club | Y |
| 0xDA | 218 | Vertical Line Right | Z |
| 0xDB | 219 | Cross | Cross |
| 0xDC | 220 | Half Block Upper | Half Block Upper |
| 0xDD | 221 | Pi Symbol | Pi Symbol |
| 0xDE | 222 | Half Block Lower | Half Block Lower |
| 0xDF | 223 | Half Block Left | Half Block Left |
PETSCII High Graphics (0xE0-0xFF)
| Hex | Dec | Description |
|---|
| 0xE0 | 224 | Shifted Space |
| 0xE1 | 225 | Vertical Bar Left |
| 0xE2 | 226 | Horizontal Bar Bottom |
| 0xE3 | 227 | Horizontal Bar Top |
| 0xE4 | 228 | Horizontal Bar |
| 0xE5 | 229 | Horizontal Bar Left |
| 0xE6 | 230 | Checkerboard |
| 0xE7 | 231 | Vertical Bar Right |
| 0xE8 | 232 | Vertical Bar Bottom |
| 0xE9 | 233 | Corner Lower Right |
| 0xEA | 234 | Corner Upper Right |
| 0xEB | 235 | Corner Upper Left |
| 0xEC | 236 | Quarter Block Lower Right |
| 0xED | 237 | Corner Lower Left |
| 0xEE | 238 | Quarter Block Upper Right |
| 0xEF | 239 | Quarter Block Lower Left |
| 0xF0 | 240 | Quarter Block Lower Right |
| 0xF1 | 241 | Vertical Bar Left Bottom |
| 0xF2 | 242 | Quarter Block Upper Left |
| 0xF3 | 243 | Vertical Bar Top |
| 0xF4 | 244 | Vertical Bar Bottom |
| 0xF5 | 245 | T Junction Left |
| 0xF6 | 246 | Vertical Bar |
| 0xF7 | 247 | T Junction Top |
| 0xF8 | 248 | T Junction Bottom |
| 0xF9 | 249 | Half Block Right |
| 0xFA | 250 | T Junction Right |
| 0xFB | 251 | Cross Junction |
| 0xFC | 252 | Upper Half Block |
| 0xFD | 253 | Pi Symbol |
| 0xFE | 254 | Full Block |
| 0xFF | 255 | Pi Symbol |
Note: PETSCII has two character modes controlled by codes 0x0E (lowercase mode) and 0x8E (uppercase mode). In uppercase mode, codes 0x41-0x5A display uppercase letters and codes 0x61-0x7A display graphics. In lowercase mode, 0x41-0x5A display lowercase letters and 0x61-0x7A display uppercase letters. TelnetBible.com uses the lowercase character set (0x0E) and swaps case in software.
Appendix D: ATASCII Hex Table
The ATASCII character set used by Atari 8-bit computers (400, 800, XL, XE series). ATASCII is similar to ASCII but has unique control codes and graphics characters. Codes 0x80-0xFF are inverse video versions of 0x00-0x7F.
ATASCII Control Characters (0x00-0x1F)
| Hex | Dec | Name | Description |
|---|
| 0x00 | 0 | - | (Null/Heart graphics) |
| 0x01 | 1 | - | (Ctrl+A graphics) |
| 0x02 | 2 | - | (Ctrl+B graphics) |
| 0x03 | 3 | - | (Ctrl+C graphics) |
| 0x04 | 4 | - | (Ctrl+D graphics) |
| 0x05 | 5 | - | (Ctrl+E graphics) |
| 0x06 | 6 | - | (Ctrl+F graphics) |
| 0x07 | 7 | BELL | Bell (buzzer) |
| 0x08 | 8 | - | (Ctrl+H graphics) |
| 0x09 | 9 | - | (Ctrl+I graphics) |
| 0x0A | 10 | - | (Ctrl+J graphics) |
| 0x0B | 11 | - | (Ctrl+K graphics) |
| 0x0C | 12 | - | (Ctrl+L graphics) |
| 0x0D | 13 | - | (Ctrl+M graphics) |
| 0x0E | 14 | - | (Ctrl+N graphics) |
| 0x0F | 15 | - | (Ctrl+O graphics) |
| 0x10 | 16 | - | (Ctrl+P graphics) |
| 0x11 | 17 | - | (Ctrl+Q graphics) |
| 0x12 | 18 | - | (Ctrl+R graphics) |
| 0x13 | 19 | - | (Ctrl+S graphics) |
| 0x14 | 20 | - | (Ctrl+T graphics) |
| 0x15 | 21 | - | (Ctrl+U graphics) |
| 0x16 | 22 | - | (Ctrl+V graphics) |
| 0x17 | 23 | - | (Ctrl+W graphics) |
| 0x18 | 24 | - | (Ctrl+X graphics) |
| 0x19 | 25 | - | (Ctrl+Y graphics) |
| 0x1A | 26 | - | (Ctrl+Z graphics) |
| 0x1B | 27 | ESC | Escape |
| 0x1C | 28 | UP | Cursor Up |
| 0x1D | 29 | DOWN | Cursor Down |
| 0x1E | 30 | LEFT | Cursor Left |
| 0x1F | 31 | RIGHT | Cursor Right |
ATASCII Printable Characters (0x20-0x5F)
| Hex | Dec | Char | Hex | Dec | Char |
|---|
| 0x20 | 32 | (space) | 0x40 | 64 | @ |
| 0x21 | 33 | ! | 0x41 | 65 | A |
| 0x22 | 34 | " | 0x42 | 66 | B |
| 0x23 | 35 | # | 0x43 | 67 | C |
| 0x24 | 36 | $ | 0x44 | 68 | D |
| 0x25 | 37 | % | 0x45 | 69 | E |
| 0x26 | 38 | & | 0x46 | 70 | F |
| 0x27 | 39 | ' | 0x47 | 71 | G |
| 0x28 | 40 | ( | 0x48 | 72 | H |
| 0x29 | 41 | ) | 0x49 | 73 | I |
| 0x2A | 42 | * | 0x4A | 74 | J |
| 0x2B | 43 | + | 0x4B | 75 | K |
| 0x2C | 44 | , | 0x4C | 76 | L |
| 0x2D | 45 | - | 0x4D | 77 | M |
| 0x2E | 46 | . | 0x4E | 78 | N |
| 0x2F | 47 | / | 0x4F | 79 | O |
| 0x30 | 48 | 0 | 0x50 | 80 | P |
| 0x31 | 49 | 1 | 0x51 | 81 | Q |
| 0x32 | 50 | 2 | 0x52 | 82 | R |
| 0x33 | 51 | 3 | 0x53 | 83 | S |
| 0x34 | 52 | 4 | 0x54 | 84 | T |
| 0x35 | 53 | 5 | 0x55 | 85 | U |
| 0x36 | 54 | 6 | 0x56 | 86 | V |
| 0x37 | 55 | 7 | 0x57 | 87 | W |
| 0x38 | 56 | 8 | 0x58 | 88 | X |
| 0x39 | 57 | 9 | 0x59 | 89 | Y |
| 0x3A | 58 | : | 0x5A | 90 | Z |
| 0x3B | 59 | ; | 0x5B | 91 | [ |
| 0x3C | 60 | < | 0x5C | 92 | \ |
| 0x3D | 61 | = | 0x5D | 93 | ] |
| 0x3E | 62 | > | 0x5E | 94 | ^ |
| 0x3F | 63 | ? | 0x5F | 95 | _ |
ATASCII Lowercase and Graphics (0x60-0x7F)
| Hex | Dec | Char | Description |
|---|
| 0x60 | 96 | ♦ | Diamond |
| 0x61 | 97 | a | Lowercase a |
| 0x62 | 98 | b | Lowercase b |
| 0x63 | 99 | c | Lowercase c |
| 0x64 | 100 | d | Lowercase d |
| 0x65 | 101 | e | Lowercase e |
| 0x66 | 102 | f | Lowercase f |
| 0x67 | 103 | g | Lowercase g |
| 0x68 | 104 | h | Lowercase h |
| 0x69 | 105 | i | Lowercase i |
| 0x6A | 106 | j | Lowercase j |
| 0x6B | 107 | k | Lowercase k |
| 0x6C | 108 | l | Lowercase l |
| 0x6D | 109 | m | Lowercase m |
| 0x6E | 110 | n | Lowercase n |
| 0x6F | 111 | o | Lowercase o |
| 0x70 | 112 | p | Lowercase p |
| 0x71 | 113 | q | Lowercase q |
| 0x72 | 114 | r | Lowercase r |
| 0x73 | 115 | s | Lowercase s |
| 0x74 | 116 | t | Lowercase t |
| 0x75 | 117 | u | Lowercase u |
| 0x76 | 118 | v | Lowercase v |
| 0x77 | 119 | w | Lowercase w |
| 0x78 | 120 | x | Lowercase x |
| 0x79 | 121 | y | Lowercase y |
| 0x7A | 122 | z | Lowercase z |
| 0x7B | 123 | ♠ | Spade |
| 0x7C | 124 | | | Vertical Bar |
| 0x7D | 125 | CLR | Clear Screen |
| 0x7E | 126 | BS | Backspace |
| 0x7F | 127 | TAB | Tab |
ATASCII Inverse Control Characters (0x80-0x9F)
These are inverse video versions of 0x00-0x1F graphics characters.
| Hex | Dec | Name | Description |
|---|
| 0x80 | 128 | - | Inverse Heart |
| 0x81 | 129 | - | Inverse Ctrl+A |
| 0x82 | 130 | - | Inverse Ctrl+B |
| 0x83 | 131 | - | Inverse Ctrl+C |
| 0x84 | 132 | - | Inverse Ctrl+D |
| 0x85 | 133 | - | Inverse Ctrl+E |
| 0x86 | 134 | - | Inverse Ctrl+F |
| 0x87 | 135 | - | Inverse Ctrl+G |
| 0x88 | 136 | - | Inverse Ctrl+H |
| 0x89 | 137 | - | Inverse Ctrl+I |
| 0x8A | 138 | - | Inverse Ctrl+J |
| 0x8B | 139 | - | Inverse Ctrl+K |
| 0x8C | 140 | - | Inverse Ctrl+L |
| 0x8D | 141 | - | Inverse Ctrl+M |
| 0x8E | 142 | - | Inverse Ctrl+N |
| 0x8F | 143 | - | Inverse Ctrl+O |
| 0x90 | 144 | - | Inverse Ctrl+P |
| 0x91 | 145 | - | Inverse Ctrl+Q |
| 0x92 | 146 | - | Inverse Ctrl+R |
| 0x93 | 147 | - | Inverse Ctrl+S |
| 0x94 | 148 | - | Inverse Ctrl+T |
| 0x95 | 149 | - | Inverse Ctrl+U |
| 0x96 | 150 | - | Inverse Ctrl+V |
| 0x97 | 151 | - | Inverse Ctrl+W |
| 0x98 | 152 | - | Inverse Ctrl+X |
| 0x99 | 153 | - | Inverse Ctrl+Y |
| 0x9A | 154 | - | Inverse Ctrl+Z |
| 0x9B | 155 | EOL | End of Line (Return) |
| 0x9C | 156 | DELLN | Delete Line |
| 0x9D | 157 | INSLN | Insert Line |
| 0x9E | 158 | CLRTAB | Clear Tab Stop |
| 0x9F | 159 | SETTAB | Set Tab Stop |
ATASCII Inverse Printable Characters (0xA0-0xDF)
These are inverse video versions of 0x20-0x5F.
| Hex | Dec | Char | Hex | Dec | Char |
|---|
| 0xA0 | 160 | Inv (space) | 0xC0 | 192 | Inv @ |
| 0xA1 | 161 | Inv ! | 0xC1 | 193 | Inv A |
| 0xA2 | 162 | Inv " | 0xC2 | 194 | Inv B |
| 0xA3 | 163 | Inv # | 0xC3 | 195 | Inv C |
| 0xA4 | 164 | Inv $ | 0xC4 | 196 | Inv D |
| 0xA5 | 165 | Inv % | 0xC5 | 197 | Inv E |
| 0xA6 | 166 | Inv & | 0xC6 | 198 | Inv F |
| 0xA7 | 167 | Inv ' | 0xC7 | 199 | Inv G |
| 0xA8 | 168 | Inv ( | 0xC8 | 200 | Inv H |
| 0xA9 | 169 | Inv ) | 0xC9 | 201 | Inv I |
| 0xAA | 170 | Inv * | 0xCA | 202 | Inv J |
| 0xAB | 171 | Inv + | 0xCB | 203 | Inv K |
| 0xAC | 172 | Inv , | 0xCC | 204 | Inv L |
| 0xAD | 173 | Inv - | 0xCD | 205 | Inv M |
| 0xAE | 174 | Inv . | 0xCE | 206 | Inv N |
| 0xAF | 175 | Inv / | 0xCF | 207 | Inv O |
| 0xB0 | 176 | Inv 0 | 0xD0 | 208 | Inv P |
| 0xB1 | 177 | Inv 1 | 0xD1 | 209 | Inv Q |
| 0xB2 | 178 | Inv 2 | 0xD2 | 210 | Inv R |
| 0xB3 | 179 | Inv 3 | 0xD3 | 211 | Inv S |
| 0xB4 | 180 | Inv 4 | 0xD4 | 212 | Inv T |
| 0xB5 | 181 | Inv 5 | 0xD5 | 213 | Inv U |
| 0xB6 | 182 | Inv 6 | 0xD6 | 214 | Inv V |
| 0xB7 | 183 | Inv 7 | 0xD7 | 215 | Inv W |
| 0xB8 | 184 | Inv 8 | 0xD8 | 216 | Inv X |
| 0xB9 | 185 | Inv 9 | 0xD9 | 217 | Inv Y |
| 0xBA | 186 | Inv : | 0xDA | 218 | Inv Z |
| 0xBB | 187 | Inv ; | 0xDB | 219 | Inv [ |
| 0xBC | 188 | Inv < | 0xDC | 220 | Inv \ |
| 0xBD | 189 | Inv = | 0xDD | 221 | Inv ] |
| 0xBE | 190 | Inv > | 0xDE | 222 | Inv ^ |
| 0xBF | 191 | Inv ? | 0xDF | 223 | Inv _ |
ATASCII Inverse Lowercase and Graphics (0xE0-0xFF)
These are inverse video versions of 0x60-0x7F.
| Hex | Dec | Char | Description |
|---|
| 0xE0 | 224 | Inv ♦ | Inverse Diamond |
| 0xE1 | 225 | Inv a | Inverse Lowercase a |
| 0xE2 | 226 | Inv b | Inverse Lowercase b |
| 0xE3 | 227 | Inv c | Inverse Lowercase c |
| 0xE4 | 228 | Inv d | Inverse Lowercase d |
| 0xE5 | 229 | Inv e | Inverse Lowercase e |
| 0xE6 | 230 | Inv f | Inverse Lowercase f |
| 0xE7 | 231 | Inv g | Inverse Lowercase g |
| 0xE8 | 232 | Inv h | Inverse Lowercase h |
| 0xE9 | 233 | Inv i | Inverse Lowercase i |
| 0xEA | 234 | Inv j | Inverse Lowercase j |
| 0xEB | 235 | Inv k | Inverse Lowercase k |
| 0xEC | 236 | Inv l | Inverse Lowercase l |
| 0xED | 237 | Inv m | Inverse Lowercase m |
| 0xEE | 238 | Inv n | Inverse Lowercase n |
| 0xEF | 239 | Inv o | Inverse Lowercase o |
| 0xF0 | 240 | Inv p | Inverse Lowercase p |
| 0xF1 | 241 | Inv q | Inverse Lowercase q |
| 0xF2 | 242 | Inv r | Inverse Lowercase r |
| 0xF3 | 243 | Inv s | Inverse Lowercase s |
| 0xF4 | 244 | Inv t | Inverse Lowercase t |
| 0xF5 | 245 | Inv u | Inverse Lowercase u |
| 0xF6 | 246 | Inv v | Inverse Lowercase v |
| 0xF7 | 247 | Inv w | Inverse Lowercase w |
| 0xF8 | 248 | Inv x | Inverse Lowercase x |
| 0xF9 | 249 | Inv y | Inverse Lowercase y |
| 0xFA | 250 | Inv z | Inverse Lowercase z |
| 0xFB | 251 | Inv ♠ | Inverse Spade |
| 0xFC | 252 | Inv | | Inverse Vertical Bar |
| 0xFD | 253 | BELL | Bell (buzzer) |
| 0xFE | 254 | DEL | Delete Character |
| 0xFF | 255 | INS | Insert Character |
Key ATASCII Codes Reference
| Function | Hex | Dec | Notes |
|---|
| Escape | 0x1B | 27 | Same as ASCII |
| Return/EOL | 0x9B | 155 | End of logical line |
| Backspace | 0x7E | 126 | Delete character left |
| Delete | 0xFE | 254 | Delete character at cursor |
| Insert | 0xFF | 255 | Insert mode toggle |
| Clear Screen | 0x7D | 125 | Clear and home cursor |
| Cursor Up | 0x1C | 28 | |
| Cursor Down | 0x1D | 29 | |
| Cursor Left | 0x1E | 30 | |
| Cursor Right | 0x1F | 31 | |
| Tab | 0x7F | 127 | Move to next tab stop |
| Bell | 0xFD | 253 | Also 0x07 |
| Delete Line | 0x9C | 156 | |
| Insert Line | 0x9D | 157 | |
Note: ATASCII uses 0x9B (155) for end-of-line instead of the standard ASCII 0x0D (13). The upper 128 characters (0x80-0xFF) are inverse video versions of the lower 128 (0x00-0x7F), except for certain control codes in the 0x9B-0x9F and 0xFD-0xFF ranges which have special functions.
Appendix E: Baudot (ITA2) Code Table
Emile Baudot devised his 5-bit telegraph encoding in the 1870s. The CCITT adopted a refined version as International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) in 1932, and it remained the standard teleprinter code worldwide until ASCII took over in the 1960s. The unit of signaling speed, the "baud," takes its name from Baudot.
How Baudot Works
With only 5 bits, Baudot can represent 32 unique codes (0-31). To encode letters, numbers, and punctuation, Baudot uses two "shift" states:
- Letters Shift (LTRS) - Codes produce uppercase letters A-Z
- Figures Shift (FIGS) - Codes produce numbers and punctuation
The receiver maintains the current shift state. Sending LTRS (code 31) or FIGS (code 27) changes the state for all subsequent characters until another shift code is received.
ITA2 Code Table
| Binary | Dec | Hex | Letters (LTRS) | Figures (FIGS) |
|---|
| 00000 | 0 | 0x00 | NUL (Null) | NUL (Null) |
| 00001 | 1 | 0x01 | E | 3 |
| 00010 | 2 | 0x02 | LF (Line Feed) | LF (Line Feed) |
| 00011 | 3 | 0x03 | A | - |
| 00100 | 4 | 0x04 | SP (Space) | SP (Space) |
| 00101 | 5 | 0x05 | S | ' |
| 00110 | 6 | 0x06 | I | 8 |
| 00111 | 7 | 0x07 | U | 7 |
| 01000 | 8 | 0x08 | CR (Carriage Return) | CR (Carriage Return) |
| 01001 | 9 | 0x09 | D | ENQ (Who Are You?) |
| 01010 | 10 | 0x0A | R | 4 |
| 01011 | 11 | 0x0B | J | BEL (Bell) |
| 01100 | 12 | 0x0C | N | , |
| 01101 | 13 | 0x0D | F | ! |
| 01110 | 14 | 0x0E | C | : |
| 01111 | 15 | 0x0F | K | ( |
| 10000 | 16 | 0x10 | T | 5 |
| 10001 | 17 | 0x11 | Z | + |
| 10010 | 18 | 0x12 | L | ) |
| 10011 | 19 | 0x13 | W | 2 |
| 10100 | 20 | 0x14 | H | £ |
| 10101 | 21 | 0x15 | Y | 6 |
| 10110 | 22 | 0x16 | P | 0 |
| 10111 | 23 | 0x17 | Q | 1 |
| 11000 | 24 | 0x18 | O | 9 |
| 11001 | 25 | 0x19 | B | ? |
| 11010 | 26 | 0x1A | G | & |
| 11011 | 27 | 0x1B | FIGS (Shift to Figures) | FIGS (Shift to Figures) |
| 11100 | 28 | 0x1C | M | . |
| 11101 | 29 | 0x1D | X | / |
| 11110 | 30 | 0x1E | V | = |
| 11111 | 31 | 0x1F | LTRS (Shift to Letters) | LTRS (Shift to Letters) |
Control Characters
| Code | Name | Description |
|---|
| 0 (00000) | NUL | Null - No operation, used for timing/padding |
| 2 (00010) | LF | Line Feed - Move paper up one line |
| 4 (00100) | SP | Space - Blank character, advances position |
| 8 (01000) | CR | Carriage Return - Return print head to start of line |
| 27 (11011) | FIGS | Figures Shift - Switch to figures mode |
| 31 (11111) | LTRS | Letters Shift - Switch to letters mode |
Figures Mode Special Codes
| Code | Character | Notes |
|---|
| 9 (01001) | ENQ | "Who Are You?" - Requests station identification |
| 11 (01011) | BEL | Bell - Rings the teleprinter bell |
US TTY Variant
The United States used a variant called US TTY (Teletypewriter) with some different figure assignments:
| Code | ITA2 | US TTY |
|---|
| 5 (00101) | ' (apostrophe) | BEL (bell) |
| 11 (01011) | BEL (bell) | ' (apostrophe) |
| 20 (10100) | £ (pound) | $ (dollar) |
Encoding Example
To send "HELLO 123":
| Character | Shift State | Code Sent | Binary |
|---|
| LTRS | - | 31 | 11111 |
| H | Letters | 20 | 10100 |
| E | Letters | 1 | 00001 |
| L | Letters | 18 | 10010 |
| L | Letters | 18 | 10010 |
| O | Letters | 24 | 11000 |
| SP | Letters | 4 | 00100 |
| FIGS | - | 27 | 11011 |
| 1 | Figures | 23 | 10111 |
| 2 | Figures | 19 | 10011 |
| 3 | Figures | 1 | 00001 |
Quick Reference: Letters Mode
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M |
|---|
| 3 | 25 | 14 | 9 | 1 | 13 | 26 | 20 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 28 |
| N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
|---|
| 12 | 24 | 22 | 23 | 10 | 5 | 16 | 7 | 30 | 19 | 29 | 21 | 17 |
Quick Reference: Figures Mode (Digits)
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|
| 22 | 23 | 19 | 1 | 10 | 16 | 21 | 7 | 6 | 24 |
Historical Note: Baudot code was designed for mechanical teleprinters operating at speeds of 45.45 to 75 baud (bits per second). Each character required a start bit, 5 data bits, and 1-2 stop bits, giving effective character rates of about 6-10 characters per second. The lack of lowercase letters wasn't a limitation at the time, as teleprinters only had uppercase type. Baudot remained in use for Telex networks until the 1980s and TDD/TTY devices for the deaf until the 2000s.
Appendix F: ZX Spectrum Character Set
The Sinclair ZX Spectrum (1982) used a custom character set based on ASCII but with unique additions. It shared standard ASCII printable characters (0x20-0x7F) with two notable exceptions, and added block graphics characters and BASIC keyword tokens in the upper range.
Control Characters (0x00-0x1F)
The ZX Spectrum uses several custom control codes. Most codes below 0x06 are not used.
| Hex | Dec | Name | Description |
|---|
| 0x06 | 6 | COMMA | PRINT comma control (move to next print zone) |
| 0x08 | 8 | LEFT | Cursor Left (Backspace) |
| 0x09 | 9 | RIGHT | Cursor Right |
| 0x0A | 10 | DOWN | Cursor Down |
| 0x0B | 11 | UP | Cursor Up |
| 0x0C | 12 | DELETE | Delete |
| 0x0D | 13 | ENTER | Enter / Newline |
| 0x10 | 16 | INK | Set ink (foreground) color (next byte = 0-7) |
| 0x11 | 17 | PAPER | Set paper (background) color (next byte = 0-7) |
| 0x12 | 18 | FLASH | Set flash attribute (next byte = 0 or 1) |
| 0x13 | 19 | BRIGHT | Set bright attribute (next byte = 0 or 1) |
| 0x14 | 20 | INVERSE | Set inverse attribute (next byte = 0 or 1) |
| 0x15 | 21 | OVER | Set overprint mode (next byte = 0 or 1) |
| 0x16 | 22 | AT | Position cursor (next 2 bytes = row, column) |
| 0x17 | 23 | TAB | Tab to column (next 2 bytes = column number) |
Character Set Differences from ASCII
The ZX Spectrum printable range (0x20-0x7F) matches standard ASCII except for two positions:
| Hex | Dec | ASCII | ZX Spectrum |
|---|
| 0x60 | 96 | ` (backtick) | £ (pound sterling) |
| 0x7F | 127 | DEL | © (copyright symbol) |
ZX Spectrum Colors
Used with the INK (0x10) and PAPER (0x11) control codes:
| Value | Color | Bright Color |
|---|
| 0 | Black | Black |
| 1 | Blue | Bright Blue |
| 2 | Red | Bright Red |
| 3 | Magenta | Bright Magenta |
| 4 | Green | Bright Green |
| 5 | Cyan | Bright Cyan |
| 6 | Yellow | Bright Yellow |
| 7 | White | Bright White |
Block Graphics Characters (0x80-0x8F)
The ZX Spectrum's distinctive block graphics divide each character cell into four quadrants (2×2 grid). Each of the 16 combinations represents a different pattern of filled and empty quadrants. These were widely used for games and UI elements.
| Hex | Dec | Pattern | Description |
|---|
| 0x80 | 128 | | All empty (space) |
| 0x81 | 129 | ▗ | Bottom-right quadrant |
| 0x82 | 130 | ▖ | Bottom-left quadrant |
| 0x83 | 131 | ▄ | Bottom half |
| 0x84 | 132 | ▝ | Top-right quadrant |
| 0x85 | 133 | ▐ | Right half |
| 0x86 | 134 | ▞ | Top-right + bottom-left (diagonal) |
| 0x87 | 135 | ▟ | Top-right + bottom half |
| 0x88 | 136 | ▘ | Top-left quadrant |
| 0x89 | 137 | ▚ | Top-left + bottom-right (diagonal) |
| 0x8A | 138 | ▌ | Left half |
| 0x8B | 139 | ▙ | Top-left + bottom half |
| 0x8C | 140 | ▀ | Top half |
| 0x8D | 141 | ▜ | Top half + bottom-right |
| 0x8E | 142 | ▛ | Top half + bottom-left |
| 0x8F | 143 | █ | Full block (all filled) |
User Defined Graphics (0x90-0xA4)
Characters 0x90-0xA4 (144-164) are User Defined Graphics (UDG) slots A through U. These are customizable 8×8 pixel characters that programs can redefine. By default, they display as letters A-U, but games and applications typically redefine them for custom sprites and icons.
| Hex | Dec | UDG Letter | Hex | Dec | UDG Letter | Hex | Dec | UDG Letter |
|---|
| 0x90 | 144 | A | 0x97 | 151 | H | 0x9E | 158 | O |
| 0x91 | 145 | B | 0x98 | 152 | I | 0x9F | 159 | P |
| 0x92 | 146 | C | 0x99 | 153 | J | 0xA0 | 160 | Q |
| 0x93 | 147 | D | 0x9A | 154 | K | 0xA1 | 161 | R |
| 0x94 | 148 | E | 0x9B | 155 | L | 0xA2 | 162 | S |
| 0x95 | 149 | F | 0x9C | 156 | M | 0xA3 | 163 | T |
| 0x96 | 150 | G | 0x9D | 157 | N | 0xA4 | 164 | U |
BASIC Keyword Tokens (0xA5-0xFF)
The ZX Spectrum stored BASIC keywords as single-byte tokens to save memory. When listed, each token expands to the full keyword. This is a selection of the most commonly used tokens:
| Hex | Dec | Keyword | Hex | Dec | Keyword |
|---|
| 0xA5 | 165 | RND | 0xCE | 206 | LINE |
| 0xA6 | 166 | INKEY$ | 0xD1 | 209 | BORDER |
| 0xA7 | 167 | PI | 0xDA | 218 | PAPER |
| 0xAB | 171 | AT | 0xDB | 219 | INK |
| 0xAC | 172 | TAB | 0xE0 | 224 | LPRINT |
| 0xAF | 175 | CODE | 0xE1 | 225 | LLIST |
| 0xB0 | 176 | VAL | 0xEB | 235 | BEEP |
| 0xB1 | 177 | LEN | 0xEF | 239 | POKE |
| 0xB4 | 180 | CHR$ | 0xF1 | 241 | PRINT |
| 0xB9 | 185 | USR | 0xF5 | 245 | LOAD |
| 0xBB | 187 | PEEK | 0xF8 | 248 | INPUT |
| 0xC0 | 192 | IF | 0xF9 | 249 | RANDOMIZE |
| 0xC3 | 195 | THEN | 0xFB | 251 | CLS |
| 0xC4 | 196 | TO | 0xFD | 253 | GOTO |
| 0xC5 | 197 | STEP | 0xFE | 254 | GOSUB |
| 0xCA | 202 | READ | 0xFF | 255 | RETURN |
Historical Note: The ZX Spectrum was designed by Sinclair Research in Cambridge, England and launched in 1982 at £125 for the 16K model. It sold over 5 million units and became the best-selling home computer in the UK. Its block graphics characters (0x80-0x8F) were a defining feature, enabling colorful pseudo-high-resolution graphics using simple character-based rendering. The keyword tokenization scheme was inherited from the earlier ZX80 and ZX81, and allowed BASIC programs to be entered quickly using single keypresses — each key had a BASIC keyword printed on it.
Appendix G: TRS-80 Character Set
The Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 (1977) used a custom character set. The lower range (0x00-0x7F) follows ASCII for standard characters. The upper range (0x80-0xFF) contains the TRS-80's distinctive semigraphics characters — block graphics formed by dividing each character cell into a 2×3 grid of six independently controllable pixels.
Control Characters (0x00-0x1F)
The TRS-80 uses standard ASCII control characters. Most are not printable. Key codes relevant to terminal operation:
| Hex | Dec | Name | Description |
|---|
| 0x08 | 8 | BS | Backspace (cursor left) |
| 0x09 | 9 | HT | Horizontal Tab |
| 0x0A | 10 | LF | Line Feed (cursor down) |
| 0x0D | 13 | CR | Carriage Return (Enter) |
| 0x0E | 14 | SO | Cursor On (Model III/4) |
| 0x0F | 15 | SI | Cursor Off (Model III/4) |
| 0x17 | 23 | ETB | Cursor right (Model III/4) |
| 0x18 | 24 | CAN | Backspace and erase |
| 0x1A | 26 | SUB | Cursor up (Model III/4) |
| 0x1B | 27 | ESC | Escape (Model III/4 only) |
| 0x1C | 28 | FS | Home cursor |
| 0x1D | 29 | GS | Cursor right |
| 0x1E | 30 | RS | Cursor down |
| 0x1F | 31 | US | Clear screen and home (Model I: home only) |
Printable Characters (0x20-0x5F)
Standard ASCII digits, punctuation, and uppercase letters. The TRS-80 Model I did not have lowercase letters — positions 0x60-0x7F were unused or mapped to additional graphics. The Model III and Model 4 added lowercase in this range.
| Hex | Dec | Char | Hex | Dec | Char | Hex | Dec | Char |
|---|
| 0x20 | 32 | (space) | 0x30 | 48 | 0 | 0x40 | 64 | @ |
| 0x21 | 33 | ! | 0x31 | 49 | 1 | 0x41 | 65 | A |
| 0x22 | 34 | " | 0x32 | 50 | 2 | 0x42 | 66 | B |
| 0x23 | 35 | # | 0x33 | 51 | 3 | 0x43 | 67 | C |
| 0x24 | 36 | $ | 0x34 | 52 | 4 | 0x44 | 68 | D |
| 0x25 | 37 | % | 0x35 | 53 | 5 | 0x45 | 69 | E |
| 0x26 | 38 | & | 0x36 | 54 | 6 | 0x46 | 70 | F |
| 0x27 | 39 | ' | 0x37 | 55 | 7 | 0x47 | 71 | G |
| 0x28 | 40 | ( | 0x38 | 56 | 8 | 0x48 | 72 | H |
| 0x29 | 41 | ) | 0x39 | 57 | 9 | 0x49 | 73 | I |
| 0x2A | 42 | * | 0x3A | 58 | : | 0x4A | 74 | J |
| 0x2B | 43 | + | 0x3B | 59 | ; | 0x4B | 75 | K |
| 0x2C | 44 | , | 0x3C | 60 | < | 0x4C | 76 | L |
| 0x2D | 45 | - | 0x3D | 61 | = | 0x4D | 77 | M |
| 0x2E | 46 | . | 0x3E | 62 | > | 0x4E | 78 | N |
| 0x2F | 47 | / | 0x3F | 63 | ? | 0x4F | 79 | O |
| | | | | | 0x50 | 80 | P |
| | | | | | 0x51 | 81 | Q |
| | | | | | 0x52 | 82 | R |
| | | | | | 0x53 | 83 | S |
| | | | | | 0x54 | 84 | T |
| | | | | | 0x55 | 85 | U |
| | | | | | 0x56 | 86 | V |
| | | | | | 0x57 | 87 | W |
| | | | | | 0x58 | 88 | X |
| | | | | | 0x59 | 89 | Y |
| | | | | | 0x5A | 90 | Z |
| | | | | | 0x5B | 91 | [ |
| | | | | | 0x5C | 92 | \ |
| | | | | | 0x5D | 93 | ] |
| | | | | | 0x5E | 94 | ^ |
| | | | | | 0x5F | 95 | _ |
Lowercase Characters (0x60-0x7F) — Model III/4 Only
The TRS-80 Model I lacked lowercase letters entirely. The Model III (1980) and Model 4 (1983) added lowercase in the 0x60-0x7F range, matching standard ASCII:
| Hex | Dec | Char | Hex | Dec | Char | Hex | Dec | Char |
|---|
| 0x60 | 96 | ` | 0x6A | 106 | j | 0x74 | 116 | t |
| 0x61 | 97 | a | 0x6B | 107 | k | 0x75 | 117 | u |
| 0x62 | 98 | b | 0x6C | 108 | l | 0x76 | 118 | v |
| 0x63 | 99 | c | 0x6D | 109 | m | 0x77 | 119 | w |
| 0x64 | 100 | d | 0x6E | 110 | n | 0x78 | 120 | x |
| 0x65 | 101 | e | 0x6F | 111 | o | 0x79 | 121 | y |
| 0x66 | 102 | f | 0x70 | 112 | p | 0x7A | 122 | z |
| 0x67 | 103 | g | 0x71 | 113 | q | 0x7B | 123 | { |
| 0x68 | 104 | h | 0x72 | 114 | r | 0x7C | 124 | | |
| 0x69 | 105 | i | 0x73 | 115 | s | 0x7D | 125 | } |
Semigraphics Characters (0x80-0xBF)
The TRS-80's most distinctive feature: 64 block graphics characters formed by dividing each character cell into a 2×3 grid of six pixels. Each pixel can be on (white) or off (black), giving 26 = 64 possible patterns. The pixel positions are numbered as bits:
| Pixel Layout | Bit Weight |
|---|
| Top-left | Top-right | 1, 2 |
| Middle-left | Middle-right | 4, 8 |
| Bottom-left | Bottom-right | 16, 32 |
The character code is calculated as: 0x80 + (sum of active pixel bit weights)
For example: top-left (1) + middle-right (8) + bottom-left (16) = 0x80 + 25 = 0x99
| Hex | Dec | Active Pixels | Description |
|---|
| 0x80 | 128 | (none) | Empty block (all pixels off) |
| 0x81 | 129 | 1 | Top-left only |
| 0x82 | 130 | 2 | Top-right only |
| 0x83 | 131 | 1+2 | Top row |
| 0x84 | 132 | 4 | Middle-left only |
| 0x85 | 133 | 1+4 | Left column top two |
| 0x88 | 136 | 8 | Middle-right only |
| 0x8C | 140 | 4+8 | Middle row |
| 0x90 | 144 | 16 | Bottom-left only |
| 0x93 | 147 | 1+2+16 | Top row + bottom-left |
| 0xA0 | 160 | 32 | Bottom-right only |
| 0xA1 | 161 | 1+32 | Top-left + bottom-right (diagonal) |
| 0xB0 | 176 | 16+32 | Bottom row |
| 0xB3 | 179 | 1+2+16+32 | Top + bottom rows |
| 0xBC | 188 | 4+8+16+32 | Middle + bottom rows |
| 0xBF | 191 | 1+2+4+8+16+32 | Full block (all pixels on) |
Common Semigraphics Patterns
A quick reference for frequently used block patterns in TRS-80 programs:
| Pattern | Hex | Bits | Use |
|---|
| Full block | 0xBF | 63 | Solid fill, walls |
| Left half | 0xB5 | 1+4+16+32 | Vertical dividers |
| Right half | 0xAA | 2+8+32 | Vertical dividers |
| Top half | 0x8F | 1+2+4+8 | Horizontal dividers |
| Bottom half | 0xB0 | 16+32 | Horizontal dividers, underlines |
| Checkerboard A | 0xAA | 2+8+32 | Shading, dithering |
| Checkerboard B | 0x95 | 1+4+16 | Shading, dithering |
| Top row | 0x83 | 1+2 | Thin top border |
| Middle row | 0x8C | 4+8 | Thin middle line |
| Bottom row | 0xB0 | 16+32 | Thin bottom border |
Extended Characters (0xC0-0xFF) — Model III/4
On the TRS-80 Model I, codes 0xC0-0xFF were mirrors of the semigraphics range (0x80-0xBF). On the Model III and Model 4, this range was repurposed for additional characters including international and special symbols. A selection of commonly used codes:
| Hex | Dec | Char | Description |
|---|
| 0xC0 | 192 | ♠ | Spade |
| 0xC1 | 193 | ♥ | Heart |
| 0xC2 | 194 | ♦ | Diamond |
| 0xC3 | 195 | ♣ | Club |
| 0xC4 | 196 | ↑ | Up Arrow |
| 0xC5 | 197 | ↓ | Down Arrow |
| 0xC6 | 198 | ← | Left Arrow |
| 0xC7 | 199 | → | Right Arrow |
| 0xCB | 203 | £ | Pound Sterling |
| 0xCC | 204 | ¥ | Yen |
| 0xCF | 207 | © | Copyright |
| 0xD0 | 208 | ® | Registered |
| 0xD3 | 211 | ¼ | One Quarter |
| 0xD4 | 212 | ½ | One Half |
| 0xDB | 219 | ─ | Horizontal Line |
| 0xDC | 220 | │ | Vertical Line |
| 0xDD | 221 | ┌ | Top-Left Corner |
| 0xDE | 222 | ┐ | Top-Right Corner |
| 0xDF | 223 | └ | Bottom-Left Corner |
| 0xE0 | 224 | ┘ | Bottom-Right Corner |
| 0xE1 | 225 | ┼ | Cross (intersection) |
| 0xE2 | 226 | ├ | Left T-junction |
| 0xE3 | 227 | ┤ | Right T-junction |
| 0xE4 | 228 | ┬ | Top T-junction |
| 0xE5 | 229 | ┴ | Bottom T-junction |
Historical Note: The TRS-80 Model I was one of the "1977 Trinity" of personal computers alongside the Apple II and Commodore PET. Its 2×3 semigraphics system was a clever solution to the lack of a dedicated graphics chip — by treating each text character cell as six independent pixels, it effectively gave the machine a 128×48 "pixel" display using only the text-mode video hardware. This technique was widely used for games, charts, and scientific visualization. The TRS-80 used a 64-column by 16-line display (Model I/III) with monochrome green or white phosphor monitors. Despite the "Trash-80" nickname from competitors, it was the best-selling personal computer line from 1977 to 1981.
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